Differential Factors Are Associated with Physical Activity in Older Adults in Brazil with and without Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2019 National Health Survey.

This study analyzed whether sociodemographic factors, health perception, dietary habits, and screen time are related to physical activity (PA) in older people with and without non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey; the sample was older adults (≥60 years old; n = 22,726). The outcome of this study was being physically active or inactive during leisure time, and NCD was used as a moderating variable. The correlates investigated were sociodemographic and health-related variables. According to the logistic regression analysis, it was observed that being male had an association only in the group with NCDs (OR = 1.25 (1.05-1.48)), as well as residing in the northeastern region (OR = 1.26 (1.04-1.53)). On the other hand, high levels of education (OR = 4.09 (2.92-5.2); OR = 1.92 (1.48-2.49)) and income (OR = 1.64 (1.09-2.48); OR = 1.86 (1.33-2.60)) were associated with PA in both groups, as well as dietary habits (OR = 1.03 (1.01-1.05); (OR = 1.05 (1.04-1.07)). Advanced age (OR = 0.96 (0.94-0.97); OR = 0.97 (0.96-0.98)) and reporting a regular health perception (OR = 0.53 (0.43-0.66); OR = 0.61 (0.52-0.73)) were factors associated with physical inactivity in both groups. Gender, education, and income were unequally associated with an active lifestyle in both groups, and therefore, barriers to PA may arise.

Alterações comportamentais na pandemia de COVID-19, sobrepeso e obesidade de escolares Quilombolas / Behaviors changing during the COVID-19 pandemic and overweight and obese Quilombola schoolchildren's

O estudo descreveu as alterações comportamentais durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e sua asso-ciação com o sobrepeso e obesidade atual de crianças e adolescentes. Participaram do estudo 1.004 crianças e adolescentes de comunidades rurais em áreas de remanescentes de quilombos de Feira de Santana, Bahia (50,3% meninos; Idade: 9,04 ± 1,52 anos). Desfechos: sobrepeso e obesidade, com base nos valores de Índice de Massa Corporal para idade e sexo, avaliados nos pontos de corte da In-ternational Obesity Taskforce. Alterações comportamentais (apetite, sono, psicológicas, sociais) foram avaliadas por meio de questionário preenchido pelos pais. A análise de dados incluiu estatística des-critiva, bivariada e regressão de Poisson múltipla, com estimador robusto de variância, para estimar Razões de Prevalência (RP) e Intervalos de 95% de Confiança (IC95%). A significância estatística foi fixada em valores de p<0,05. Covariáveis: idade, sexo, infecção por COVID-19 e insegurança ali-mentar. Após o período pandêmico, 24% dos participantes estavam com excesso de peso (sobrepeso = 15,5%; obesidade: 8,5%). As principais alterações comportamentais ocorreram no apetite (comer muito mais do que o habitual = 45,6%) e no sono (ir dormir e acordar mais tarde do que o habitual, em 74% e 62,2%, respectivamente). Comer mais que o habitual foi fator associado ao sobrepeso (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,14 - 2,32) e à obesidade (RP = 2,00; IC95%:1,22 - 2,25) entre os participantes, após ajuste por sexo, idade, infecção por COVID-19 e insegurança alimentar. As prevalências de sobrepe-so e obesidade subsequentes ao período pandêmico se associaram às alterações comportamentais no apetite ocorridas durante a pandemia entre escolares Quilombolas

The aim of the study was to describe behaviors changes during COVID-19 pandemic and its association with subsequent overweight and obesity among Quilombola schoolchildren. Participants in this study were 1,004 children and adolescents from rural communities in the Quilombo areas of Feira de Santana, Bahia (50.3% boys; Age: 9.04 ± 1.52 years). The outcomes were overweight and obesity prevalence based on age-and-sex Body Mass Index values, evaluated according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. Behavior changes (appetite, sleep, psychological, and social) were measured by a proxy report questionnaire. The analysis included descriptive statistics and multiple Poisson regression models, using robust variance to estimate Prevalence Ratio (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI). Co-variables: age, sex, COV-ID-19 infection, and food insecurity. The results presented 24% of overweight subsequent to the pandemic period (overweight without obesity = 15.5%; obesity = 8.5%). Main behavior changes occurred in diet (eating more than usual = 45.6%) and sleep (time to go to bed/time to wake up later than usual, among 74% and 62.2% of participants, respectively). Eating mor than usual was associated to overweight without obesity (PR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.14 - 2.32) and obesity (PR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.22 - 2.25), when adjusted by sex, age, COVID-19 infection, and food insecurity. Being overweight and obese subsequent to the COV-ID-19 pandemic was associated with behavior changes in the appetite during the pandemic period among Quilombola schoolchildren

Correlates of Physical Activity in Brazilian Older Adults: The National Health Survey 2019.

Engagement in physical activity (PA) depends on intrapersonal, interpersonal/cultural, organizational, physical environment and political factors. Considering that it is important to understand this phenomenon in different populational contexts, this study aimed to investigate the factors related to engagement in PA according to sociodemographic aspects, eating habits, self-rated health, activities of daily living, noncommunicable diseases, mental health and public policies in Brazilian older people. This study had a cross-sectional design and used data from the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2019. Sample size was composed of 22,726 participants, aged 60 years or older, of both sexes, and all the data were collected by interview/questionnaire. According to the adjusted logistic regression, males were more active than females (OR = 1.59 (95% CI 1.40-1.80)), and those living in northern and northeastern Brazil were more likely to be inactive when compared to the southeastern region. Moreover, those with a higher educational level and income (OR = 1.36 (1.06-1.73) and OR = 1.60 (1.22-2.11)); with healthy eating habits (OR = 1.05 (1.03-1.06)); with positive self-rated health (OR = 2.67 (95% CI 1.51-4.71)); with better functional autonomy (OR = 1.22 (1.17-1.27)); and who reported that there was some public place (square, park, closed street, beach) to go for a walk, exercise or practice sport close to their home were more likely to be active (OR = 1.49 (1.34-1.67)). Sociodemographic factors, healthy eating habits, positive self-rated health, higher functioning in activities of daily living and living close to places where PA is practiced were associated with regular engagement in PA (i.e., ≥150 min/week).

Desigualdades de cor/raça na disponibilidade de instalações para a prática de atividades físicas e esportes nas escolas públicas de educação básica do Brasil / Color/race inequalities in the availability of facilities for physical activities and sports in public elementary schools in Brazil / Desigualdades de color/raza en la disponibilidad de instalaciones para la práctica de actividades físicas y deportivas en escuelas públicas de educación básica en Brasil

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo ecológico foi estimar desigualdades nas instalações para atividades físicas e esportes (AF) nas escolas públicas de Educação Básica brasileiras (n=70.276), conforme a proporção de matrículas de estudantes autodeclarados negros. Os resultados mostraram que escolas urbanas e rurais com maior proporção de matrículas de estudantes negros (≥60%) apresentaram menos pátio descoberto, quadra coberta e descoberta, parque infantil, estúdio de dança e materiais para a prática desportiva e recreação. Essas desigualdades são traços do racismo, que é estruturante na sociedade brasileira e é institucionalizado na oferta de condições desfavoráveis ao engajamento em AF nas escolas públicas que atendem um maior número de alunos pretos e pardos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate inequality in physical activity and sports facilities at Brazilian public elementary schools, according to percent of self-reported black students. Our results showed that schools from urban or rural areas with a higher percentage of enrollments of self-reported black students (≥60%) presented fewer outdoor courtyards, sport court indoor and outdoor, playgrounds, dance studios, and materials for sports and recreation. These inequalities are a feature of racism, which is structural in Brazilian society and institutionalized in unfavorable conditions for engaging in physical activity and sports at public elementary schools where there is a higher number of black students.

RESUMEN Este estudio ecológico tuvo como objetivo estimar las desigualdades en las instalaciones para actividades físicas y deportivas (AF) en las escuelas públicas brasileñas de Educación Básica (n=70.276), según la proporción de matrículas de alumnos que se declararon negros. Los resultados mostraron que las escuelas urbanas y rurales con mayor proporción de matrículas de estudiantes negros (≥60%) tenían menos patio al aire libre, canchas interiores y exteriores, parques infantiles, estudios de danza y materiales para deportes y recreación. Esas desigualdades son rasgos del racismo, que es estructural en la sociedad brasileña y está institucionalizado al ofrecer condiciones desfavorables para la práctica de AF en las escuelas públicas que atienden a un mayor número de alumnos negros y pardos.

Missing class increases the daily frequency of screen use among schoolchildren / Faltar à aula eleva a frequência diária de uso de telas entre estudantes

We analyzed the association between school attendance and the daily frequency of use of different forms of screens (TV, computer, cell phone and video game) among children and adolescents. Lon-gitudinal study with four repeated measures during the 2015 school year. Children and adolescents from a public school participated in the study (n = 463, 53.6% boys; 9.3 ± 1.3 years old). The daily frequency of screen use was the outcome analyzed, which was reported on an online questionnaire for the previous-day recall, illustrated with 32 icons of activities including 4 types of electronic de-vices. The participant answered "What did you do yesterday?" in the morning, afternoon, and night. School attendance was assessed by responding to the item "Did you go to school yesterday?". The analysis was conducted using generalized estimation equations, with adjustment by sex, age, BMI z-scores, and season of the year. The average percentage of absences during the follow-up was 28.7%. The use of screens was 13% higher among students who missed class. Playing a video game was 37% higher among students who missed class. The daily frequency of screen use was 26% higher among adolescents (10-12 years) compared to children (7-9 years), especially in the analysis performed indi-vidually for TV and cell phone. The daily frequency of screen use and watching TV among students who missed classes during the winter was, respectively, 24% (IRR = 1.24; 95%CI = 1.11 - 1.39) and 35% (IRR = 1.35; 95%CI = 1.10 - 1.66) higher compared to those who missed classes during the fall. In conclusion, the use of screens predominated among students who missed class, mainly in winter

Nós analisamos a associação longitudinal entre presença na escola e frequência diária de uso de diferentes tipos de telas (TV, celular, computador e videogame). O follow-up incluiu quatro medidas repetidas durante o ano letivo de 2015. Participaram do estudo crianças e adolescentes de escola pública (n = 463; 53,6% meninos; 9,3 ± 1,3 anos). O uso de telas foi o desfecho analisado, relatado em um questionário online para a recordação do dia anterior, ilustrado com 32 ícones de atividades, incluindo 4 tipos de dispositivos eletrônicos. O participante respondeu "O que você fez ontem?" pela manhã, tarde e noite. A frequência escolar foi avaliada por meio do item "Você veio à escola ontem?". A análise foi conduzida via equações de estimativa generalizada, com ajuste por sexo, idade, estação do ano e escore-z de IMC. O percentual médio de faltas no período foi de 28,7%. De maneira geral, o uso de telas foi 13% mais frequente entre estudantes que faltaram à aula, com destaque para vídeogame, cuja frequência diária foi 37% maior. Adolescentes (10-12 anos) exibiram frequência diária de telas 26% maior quando comparados com as crianças (7-9 anos), especialmente de TV (36%) e celular (32%). A frequência diária de uso de telas e de assistir TV entre os alunos que faltaram às aulas no inverno foi, respectivamente, 24% (IRR = 1,24; IC95% = 1,11 - 1,39) e 35% (IRR = 1,35; IC95% = 1,10 - 1,66) maior em relação aos que faltaram às aulas no outono. Concluímos que o uso de telas predominou entre estudantes que faltaram à aula, sobretudo no período do inverno

Daily physical activity, human development index and insomnia in a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although there is a growing body of research pointing towards the need to investigate how different movement behaviors, such as physical activity and sleep, influence each other, the joint relationship between these factors and insomnia has been little explored among adolescents in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between daily physical activity and insomnia in a national sample of Brazilian adolescents, according to the Human Development Index (HDI) of each Brazilian region. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Cross-sectional study on 102,072 Brazilian students aged 11 to 19 years, selected from all regions of the country. METHODS: Information on insomnia and physical activity was self-reported by adolescents. RESULTS: Our analyses revealed that girls who accumulated at least 60 minutes/day of physical activity on up to three days/week were less prone to present insomnia. This pattern of association was maintained only for those who lived in high HDI regions (odds ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.99). For boys, there was a positive association between the number of active days and protection against insomnia, especially for those who lived in high HDI regions. CONCLUSION: Even amounts of physical activity that were lower than the weekly guidelines, were associated with better sleep quality for Brazilian adolescents, especially girls, and even for those who lived in regions with greater social and economic vulnerability.

Daily physical activity, human development index and insomnia in a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although there is a growing body of research pointing towards the need to investigate how different movement behaviors, such as physical activity and sleep, influence each other, the joint relationship between these factors and insomnia has been little explored among adolescents in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between daily physical activity and insomnia in a national sample of Brazilian adolescents, according to the Human Development Index (HDI) of each Brazilian region. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Cross-sectional study on 102,072 Brazilian students aged 11 to 19 years, selected from all regions of the country. METHODS: Information on insomnia and physical activity was self-reported by adolescents. RESULTS: Our analyses revealed that girls who accumulated at least 60 minutes/day of physical activity on up to three days/week were less prone to present insomnia. This pattern of association was maintained only for those who lived in high HDI regions (odds ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.99). For boys, there was a positive association between the number of active days and protection against insomnia, especially for those who lived in high HDI regions. CONCLUSION: Even amounts of physical activity that were lower than the weekly guidelines, were associated with better sleep quality for Brazilian adolescents, especially girls, and even for those who lived in regions with greater social and economic vulnerability.

Approaches and methods to assess sedentary behavior in Brazil: a systematic review / Abordagens e métodos para avaliar o comportamento sedentário no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

Our aim was to characterize the Brazilian studies that evaluated sedentary behavior, describing the main characteristics of the studies and identifying the used instruments. Using the PRISMA meth-odology, the search occurred on 25 August 2019 and was updated on 17 October 2020 in the fol-lowing databases: PUBMED, LILACS, and SCIELO. Studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were included. The inclusion criteria were studies performed with a sample of Brazilians, and that used an instrument to evaluate sedentary behavior. In total, 229 articles were selected. The majority of the studies evaluated children and adolescents. Only 33 studies used device-derived measures and there was a great variability in the questionnaires used. Only 83/198 studies presented quality criteria for the instrument used. Most studies considered the screen time in a typical week plus weekend to characterize sedentary behavior. Therefore, sedentary behavior in Brazil has mostly been evaluated by different questionnaires, and few have been appropriately validated. These findings emphasize the importance of standardization and methodological rigor for assessing sedentary behavior in the Brazilian context

Nosso objetivo foi caracterizar os estudos brasileiros que avaliaram o comportamento sedentário, descrevendo as principais características dos estudos e identificando os instrumentos utilizados. Utilizando a metodologia PRISMA, a busca ocorreu em 25 de agosto de 2019 e foi atualizada em 17 de outubro de 2020 nas seguintes bases de dados: PUBMED, LILACS e SCIELO. Estudos em inglês, espanhol e português foram incluídos. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos realizados com uma amostra de brasileiros e que utilizassem um ins-trumento para avaliar o comportamento sedentário. No total, foram selecionados 229 artigos. A maioria dos estudos avaliou crianças e adolescentes. Apenas 33 estudos usaram medidas derivadas de dispositivos e houve uma grande variabilidade nos questionários usados. Apenas 83/198 estudos apresentaram critérios de quali-dade para o instrumento utilizado. A maioria dos estudos considerou o tempo de tela em uma semana típica mais o fim de semana para caracterizar o comportamento sedentário. Portanto, o comportamento sedentário no Brasil tem sido avaliado em grande parte por diferentes questionários, e poucos foram devidamente va-lidados. Esses achados enfatizam a importância da padronização e do rigor metodológico para avaliação do comportamento sedentário no contexto brasileiro

Associations between specific physical activity domains and social isolation in 102,072 Brazilian adolescents: Data from the 2015 National School-Based Health Survey.

This study investigated the association among loneliness, number of friends, and participation in physical education classes, leisure-time physical activities, and active commuting. Data from 102,072 adolescents participating in the National School-based Health Survey aged 11-19 years were analyzed. Information about the study variables was self-reported through a questionnaire. Adolescents more active in physical education classes and leisure were less likely of having social isolation. Those more active in commuting were more likely of having social isolation. Interventions aimed at addressing social isolation in adolescence can prioritize school and leisure-time physical activities.

Physical activity, TV viewing, and human development index in Brazilian adolescents: Results from the National School Health Survey

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity (PA) indicators and TV viewing as a function of the Human Development Index (HDI). Method: This cross-sectional study was based on data from the National School Health Survey, which was composed of 102,072 students (14.28±1.03; 51.3% girls). Total PA, active commuting to school (ACS) and TV viewing were assessed by questionnaires and classified through a gradual scale ranging from "F" (low) to "A+" (high). The correlation between total PA, ACS, TV viewing and HDI was verified by Spearman's Correlation and presented in rs. Results: HDI was positively associated with total PA [girls: rs = 0.572 (p < 0.001); boys: rs = 0.843 (p < 0.001)] and ACS [girls: rs = 0.433 (p < 0.001); boys: rs = 0.554 (p < 0.001)]; while a negative correlation was found between HDI and TV viewing [girls: rs = -0.330 (p < 0.001); boys: rs = -0.348 (p < 0.001)]. Conclusions: Brazilian adolescents from states with higher HDI were more active and spent more time watching TV than their counterparts from states with lower HDI.

Who are the Brazilian adolescents most actives during commuting to school? a population-based study

Abstract Aims: 1) to identify the prevalence of active commuting to school (ACS) among Brazilian regions; and 2) to determine associated factors related to ACS in this population. Methods: Cross-sectional study comprising 16,493 adolescents (mean age 14.09±2.12 years). The data comes from the National School Health Survey (2015), and the information was collected by a self-reported questionnaire. Logistic regression models were performed to identify correlates of ACS. Results: Adolescents who live in the Southeast are more prone to have ACS compared to those who live in other regions. Do not have motor vehicles been positively associated with ACS [girls: 2.04 (1.72;2.42); boys 1.85(1.63;2.10)]. Those whom self-reported white was less prone to have ACS compared to their peers from other ethnicities. Those enrolled in private schools [girls: 0.43(0.34;0.54); boys (0.45(0.39;0.53)] and schools setting in rural area [girls: 0.38(0.25;0.57); boys: 0.51(0.37;71)] are less prone to show ACS. In addition, adolescents who accumulated less active time during physical education classes [girls: 0.80(0.66;0.97)] and extracurricular shifts [boys: 0.69(0.60;0.80)] were less prone to have an ACS, compared to their most active peers. Lastly, girls who spent ≤ 2 hours presented fewer odds to have an ACS [0.75(0.63;0.90)]. Conclusions: ACS was most prevalent among those who live in the Southeast region and seems to be negativity associated with the socioeconomic level. Moreover, less active adolescents during both school and leisure time may be more prone to have passive travel go/from school.

School environment and practice of accumulated physical activity in young Brazilian students / Ambiente escolar e prática de atividade física acumulada em jovens brasileiros escolarizados

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the association between school environment and accumulated physical activity in Brazilian adolescents. This is a study with secondary data from sample 1, from the third edition of the National School Health Survey, a study carried out with 102.072 children and adolescents enrolled in the ninth school grade. Questions about characteristics of the school environment and the offer of opportunities for physical activity practices were addressed, focusing on information regarding the structure for physical activity and about the regular practice of accumulated physical activities. Variables were organized from the structure of schools and opportunities for the practice of physical activities, while accumulated physical activity was used as the outcome variable. Data were analyzed from a binary logistic regression model, organized in crude and adjusted models, with a significance level of 5%. Data were analyzed from SPSS for Windows, version 22.0. Results indicate that, from the adjustment of variables, there was an association between the practice of accumulated physical activity and the existence of a sports court under conditions of use (OR=1.22, 95%CI=1.18-1.26), or presence of courtyard for use of physical education classes (OR=1.04, 95%CI=1.01-1.06). Association between the offer of varied physical activities, except for physical education classes, and the practice of accumulated physical activity (OR=1.05, 95%CI=1.02-1.08) was identified. Existence of a sports court/courtyard in schools and the offer of extracurricular physical activities are associated with the practice of accumulated physical activity in young Brazilian students.

Resumo Objetivou-se verificar a associação entre ambiente escolar e atividade física acumulada em adolescentes brasileiros. Estudo com dados secundários da "Amostra 1" da terceira edição da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, com 102072 crianças e adolescentes matriculados no nono ano do Ensino Fundamental. Foram abordadas questões sobre características do ambiente escolar e a oferta de oportunidades de práticas de atividade física, com foco nas informações sobre a estrutura da atividade física e sobre a prática regular de atividades físicas acumuladas. As variáveis foram organizadas a partir da estrutura das escolas e oportunidades para a prática de atividades físicas, enquanto a atividade física acumulada foi utilizada como variável desfecho. Os dados foram analisados a partir de um modelo de regressão logística binária, organizado em modelos brutos e ajustados, com nível de significância de 5%. Os dados foram analisados no SPSS for Windows, versão 22.0. Os resultados indicam que, a partir do ajuste das variáveis, houve associação entre a prática de atividade física acumulada e a existência de quadra poliesportiva sob condições de uso (OR=1,22; IC95%=1,18-1,26), ou presença de pátio para uso de aulas de educação física (OR=1,04; IC95%=1,01-1,06). Foi verificada associação entre a oferta de atividades físicas variadas, exceto as aulas de educação física, e a prática de atividade física acumulada (OR=1,05; IC95%=1,02-1,08). A existência de quadra de esportes/pátio nas escolas e a oferta de atividades físicas extracurriculares estão associadas à prática de atividade física acumulada em jovens estudantes brasileiros.